Q. List Out Major Responsibilities of a fumigation operator.

1. Not to undertake fumigation in residential areas where animal/human life exists.
2. Display warning signs and take adequate safety precautions during fumigation.
3. To ensure safety of workers during fumigation operations.
4. To undertake supervision of all fumigation operations.
5. To detect gas leakage and take appropriate measures to seal leakage, monitor gas concentration, and aeration of fumigated commodities.
6. To monitor/repair essential fumigation/safety equipment.
7. To dispose of empty containers of fumigants in a safe manner.
8. To maintain appropriate records related to fumigation, including the videography of complete practice of fumigation conducted in vessels.
9. Advise the clients to ensure integrity of the fumigated material; clean, pest-free containers/vessels should be used for stuffing the commodity.

Q. Name the restricted fumigants at present in India. Write their chemical formula.

1. Methyl Bromide: Gas (Bromine) Chemical Formula: CH₃Br
2. Aluminum Phosphide: Gas (Phosphine) Chemical Formula: AlP

Q. What are demerits of fumigation with ALuminium Phosphide?

1. Toxicity: The release of highly toxic phosphine gas poses health risks to humans.
2. Explosive Hazard: Phosphine gas can form explosive mixtures, especially in confined spaces.
3. Residue Concerns: Although aluminum phosphide leaves no residue, concerns may arise about breakdown product residues.
4. Environmental Impact: Inappropriate use or disposal can contribute to air pollution, releasing phosphine gas.
5. Resistance Development: Prolonged use may lead to the development of resistance in pests.
6. Handling Challenges: Requires specialized knowledge and strict safety measures to prevent accidents.
7. Regulatory Compliance: Non-compliance with regulations can result in legal consequences.

Q. Who is the authority for according approval of fumigation agency for use of Aluminium Phosphide?

The Plant Protection Advisor or Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage (PPQS), which operates under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare. PPQS is responsible for the regulation and approval of fumigation agencies and practices.

Q. List out the symptoms of phosphine poisoning?

Phosphine is highly toxic to human beings. The gas is not absorbed through the skin. There is no evidence of cumulative effects from intermittent, low level exposure of 10 ppm or less. At higher concentration, inhalation of Phosphine may produce symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, chest pain and massive accumulation of fluids in the lungs before death.

Q. What are eligibility criteria for recognition of a fumigation operator?

The eligibility criteria for recognition as a fumigation operator is a B. Sc. Degree in Agriculture or B.Sc. Degree in Chemistry as one of the subjects from any recognized University. The eligible operators shall be required to undergo training for at least Fifteen (15) days at any of the training institutes approved by the Plant Protection Adviser.

Q. Write up the major responsibility of a fumigation agency.

The fumigation company should:

1. Hold a valid approval certificate granted by the Plant Protection Adviser and a license to purchase, stock, and use restricted pesticides granted by the Director of Agriculture of the concerned State.
2. Perform fumigation operations always under the supervision of an accredited fumigation operator.
3. Advise the client on stocking of consignment for carrying out effective treatment.
4. Advise the client about the time requirements for complete and successful treatment of consignment.
5. Seek from the client information regarding any specific conditions attached to the treatment of consignment.
6. Inform the client of any other factors that affect treatment of commodity such as impervious package or sorptive nature of commodity.
7. Ensure adopting correct fumigation practices and follow safety precautions while undertaking treatment operations.
8. Maintain proper records on stock and use of fumigant.
9. Issue fumigation certificate after ensuring that fumigation has been carried out effectively.
10. Follow the guidelines stipulated in the standard and abide by instructions issued by the Plant Protection Adviser from time to time.
11. Ensure not to undertake fumigation in forbidden places unsafe to public and animal life or of forbidden commodities.
12. Submit the information to Dte. of PPQ&S timely.
13. Submit a monthly report of various activities of the agency, including stock and use of restricted pesticides in the prescribed format (Appendix-XIV) through e-mail on alp-dppqs@gov.in & concerned NPQS/RPQS.

Q. Name the essential equipments to be used for aluminium phosphide fumigation.

1. Respiratory Protection:
- Respirators with Appropriate Cartridges: To protect against inhalation of phosphine gas, fumigators must use respirators equipped with cartridges specifically designed for phosphine.
2. Protective Clothing:
- Chemical-Resistant Gloves: To prevent skin contact with aluminum phosphide or its reaction byproduct.
- Coveralls or Full-Body Suit: To protect the entire body from exposure.
3. Application Equipment:
- Fumigation Chambers or Enclosures: Depending on the scale and nature of fumigation, enclosed spaces may be necessary to contain the gas.
- Application Tools: Such as trays or dispensers for even distribution of aluminum phosphide tablets or pellets.
4. Measurement and Monitoring Instruments:
- Gas Detection Devices: To monitor phosphine gas levels during and after fumigation.
- Gas Analyzers: For precise measurement of phosphine concentration in the air.
5. Sealing Materials:
- Tarpaulins or Plastic Sheets: Used to seal fumigation chambers and prevent gas leakage.
- Tape or Sealing Strips: To secure the edges of tarpaulins and ensure an airtight seal.
6. Warning Signs:
- Signage and Labels: To indicate the fumigation in progress and warn against entry.
7. Emergency Equipment:
- Emergency Respirators: For use in case of unexpected exposure.
- Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations: In case of eye or skin contact with the fumigant.
8. Communication Equipment:
- Two-Way Radios or Communication Devices: To maintain communication among fumigators during the process.
9. First Aid Kit:
- Basic First Aid Supplies: Including items for treating minor injuries or irritations.
10. Training Materials:
- Educational Materials: Providing information on the safe handling of aluminum phosphide and emergency response procedures.

Q. What precautions a fumigation operator should take while fumigation with ALP?*

Do not inhale Aluminium Phosphide dust and Phosphine gas.
Do not open Alp containers with any sharp metallic device as contents may catch fire due to friction.
Protective clothing like hand gloves and a special respirator with a reaction-type canister must be worn during fumigation with aeration.
Do not work alone in any fumigation work.
Odour of the fumigant should not be relied upon as an indication of poisonous concentration of the fumigant.
Phosphine detector strips or tubes should be used before allowing workers entry into the fumigated premises.
Smoking or eating at any time during fumigation should be strictly prohibited.
Persons with punctured ear drums must not be employed for fumigation work.
Although most formulations are designed to delay liberation of PH3 from Aluminium Phosphide tablets, they liberate highly toxic Phosphine gas on opening the container. The gas is liberated on exposure to air. All fumigation work should, therefore, be planned so that the operation of placing the tablets, covering with fumigation covers, and closing doors and ventilators should be completed within the shortest possible time but not more than 30 minutes.
To ensure uniform and speedy placement/distribution of tablets, the points of application should be decided in advance.
Warning notices must be pasted at the fumigation site to prevent exposure of employees/public to the gas.
Phosphine reacts with metals, especially with copper or copper-containing equipment. So all copper-containing equipment and parts in the godowns or other structures should be protected before the start of fumigation.
Always open the containers in open air.
Tins or tubes once opened which have to be stored for a short period must be sealed tightly and kept away from children and pets.
In order to have proper distribution of PH3 gas, 2/3rd of the Aluminium Phosphide tablets should be placed/distributed on the upper half of the stack.

Q. Write down the name of five major stored grain pests with dose required for fumigation.

3 tablets (3gms each per tonne of commodity).

Sitophilus oryzae
Tribolium castaneum
Rhizopertha dominica
Trogoderma granarium
Oryzaephilus surinamensis
Cadra cautella
Callosobruchus chinensis
Corcyra cephalonica
Tribolium castaneum
Oryzaephilus surinamensis
Corcyra cephalonica
Cadra cautella
Latheticus oryzae
Tyrophagus putrescentiae

Q. Write the physico-chemical properties property of MBR.

Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a fumigant commonly used for pest control in agricultural and storage settings. Its physicochemical properties include:

Physical State:
- Methyl bromide is a colorless, odorless gas at room temperature. It can also be stored and transported as a liquid under pressure.
Chemical Formula:
- CH3BrCH3Br
Boiling Point:
- Methyl bromide has a boiling point of approximately -3.64 degrees Celsius (25.4 degrees Fahrenheit), making it readily volatilize into a gas under normal conditions.
Density:
- The density of methyl bromide as a gas is higher than air, which means it tends to settle in low-lying areas.
Solubility:
- Methyl bromide is sparingly soluble in water. Its solubility increases with decreasing temperature.
Reactivity:
- Methyl bromide is reactive with certain metals, and it can corrode some materials. It reacts with moisture in the presence of certain metals, releasing bromide ions.
Toxicity:
- Methyl bromide is highly toxic to humans and has been associated with respiratory and neurological effects. Strict safety measures, including the use of personal protective equipment, are essential when handling or applying this fumigant.
Fumigation Efficacy:
- Methyl bromide is effective against a wide range of pests, including insects, nematodes, and rodents. Its use as a fumigant was widespread, but alternatives have been sought due to environmental concerns.

Q. Write the physico-chemical properties property of Aluminium phosphide fumigant?

Aluminum phosphide is a fumigant commonly used for pest control, especially in stored grains. Its physico-chemical properties include:

Chemical Formula:
- The chemical formula of aluminum phosphide is AlPAlP.
Physical State:
- Aluminum phosphide is typically supplied as solid pellets or tablets. It reacts with moisture in the air to release phosphine gas, which is the active fumigant.
Release of Phosphine Gas:
- The primary mode of action of aluminum phosphide is the release of phosphine gas (PH3) upon contact with moisture (humidity or water vapor). Phosphine is a highly toxic gas that acts as the fumigant to control pests.
Toxicity:
- Phosphine gas is highly toxic to insects, rodents, and other pests. It acts as a respiratory poison by interfering with cellular respiration.
Boiling Point and Melting Point:
- Aluminum phosphide itself has a high melting point (above 1400°C), but its relevance in fumigation comes from its reaction with moisture to produce phosphine gas.
Solubility:
- Aluminum phosphide is insoluble in water. However, its reaction with water or moisture is crucial for the generation of phosphine gas.
Reaction with Acids:
- Aluminum phosphide reacts with acids, including stomach acids in pests, to release phosphine gas. This reaction is essential for its mode of action in pest control.
Storage Stability:
- The stability of aluminum phosphide as a solid fumigant depends on its storage conditions. It should be stored in a cool, dry place away from moisture to prevent premature release of phosphine.
Safety Considerations:
- Aluminum phosphide poses safety risks to humans due to the release of phosphine gas. Strict safety measures, including the use of personal protective equipment, are essential during handling and application.
Environmental Considerations:
- The use of aluminum phosphide as a fumigant has raised environmental concerns, particularly regarding the release of phosphine gas into the atmosphere. Proper application and adherence to regulatory guidelines are essential to minimize environmental impact.

Q. What is gas equilibrium in fumigation treatment? How to calculate equilibrium for methyl bromide fumigation treatment.

In fumigation treatments, gas equilibrium refers to the point at which the concentration of the fumigant in the air within the treated space reaches a stable or constant level. Achieving gas equilibrium is crucial for ensuring that a sufficient concentration of the fumigant is maintained over the required exposure period to effectively control pests. (Equilibrium = Highest reading- Lowest Reading/ Lowest reading)

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Q. Short Form of Following

Thresh hold limit value (TLV): Maximum concentration of gas, which a person can withstand when continuously exposed for a period of eight hours.
NTP: Normal temperature and atmospheric pressure
MRL: Maximum residue limits
C X T product: Concentration X time product expressed as gh/m3.
PPE: Personal protective equipment
NSPM: National Standards for Phytosanitary Measures
SCBA: Self-contained breathing apparatus
IPPC: International Plant Protection Convention
AFAS: Australian Fumigation Accreditation Scheme
ISPM: International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures
FAO: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialized agency of the United Nations
NPPO: National Plant Protection Organization

Risk Area: Ensure the risk area and surroundings are free of unprotected personnel (up to 3m).

During fumigation, the risk area must be marked with a physical barrier. The size of the risk area depends on the risk, but it must be at least: 3 meters from the enclosure outside

Methyl Bromide: This is one of the fastest-acting chemicals available and is used as a quarantine chemical for outbreaks. It is applied to the soil by injection, and a waiting period is required before planting to allow the chemical to dissipate.

Chloropicrin: This is a broad-spectrum fumigant with fungicidal, herbicidal, insecticidal, and nematicidal properties. It is better at controlling fungi and bacteria than methyl bromide, but methyl bromide is better against weed seeds and nematodes.

Q. Why higher exposure period is required in fumigation with Aluminium phosphide than methyl bromide.

The required exposure period in fumigation is influenced by several factors, including the type of fumigant used, the target pests, the characteristics of the treated space, and the environmental conditions. The difference in exposure periods between aluminum phosphide and methyl bromide fumigation can be attributed to their distinct modes of action, release mechanisms, and persistence in the treated environment.

1. Mode of Action:
- Aluminum Phosphide (PH3): Aluminum phosphide releases phosphine gas (PH3) upon contact with moisture. Phosphine acts as a respiratory poison, and the exposure period needs to be sufficient to ensure that the gas reaches all target pests in the treated space. The time required for phosphine to penetrate through materials and eliminate pests is a key factor in determining the exposure period.
- Methyl Bromide (CH3Br): Methyl bromide is a highly effective fumigant that acts by interfering with the respiratory systems of pests. It has a relatively rapid mode of action, and the exposure period is influenced by factors such as the application rate, the specific target pests, and the nature of the treated materials.
2. Release Mechanism:
- Aluminum Phosphide (PH3): The release of phosphine gas from aluminum phosphide tablets is gradual and depends on factors such as temperature and humidity. Achieving a lethal concentration of phosphine in the treated space takes time, contributing to the need for a longer exposure period.
- Methyl Bromide (CH3Br): Methyl bromide, being a volatile liquid, rapidly vaporizes and fills the treated space. Its release is relatively quick compared to the gradual release of phosphine from aluminum phosphide, leading to a potentially shorter exposure period.
3. Persistence in the Environment:
- Aluminum Phosphide (PH3): Phosphine gas can persist in the treated space for an extended period, contributing to the effectiveness of aluminum phosphide fumigation. The slow release and persistence of phosphine contribute to the requirement for a longer exposure period.
- Methyl Bromide (CH3Br): Methyl bromide tends to dissipate more rapidly from the treated space due to its volatile nature. This characteristic may allow for a shorter exposure period compared to aluminum phosphide.

Q. List out the symptoms of phosphine poisning.

Phosphine poisoning occurs when individuals are exposed to high concentrations of phosphine gas (PH3). Phosphine is a toxic gas used as a fumigant in agriculture, particularly in stored grain facilities. Symptoms of phosphine poisoning can vary depending on the level and duration of exposure. Early symptoms may be nonspecific, resembling symptoms of other illnesses. Here is a list of potential symptoms associated with phosphine poisoning:

1. Respiratory Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, Shortness of breath, Chest tightness, Coughing.
2. Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea.
3. Neurological Symptoms: Dizziness, Headache, Confusion, Tremors.
4. Cardiovascular Symptoms: Rapid or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias).
5. Mucous Membrane Irritation: Eye irritation, Nose irritation, Throat irritation.
6. General Symptoms: Fatigue, Sweating.
7. Severe Cases: Loss of consciousness, Seizures, Respiratory failure.

Emergency measures may include removal from the contaminated environment, administration of oxygen, and other supportive treatments.

Q. NSPM-22 deals with?

Guidelines for Assessment, Audit and Accreditation of Fumigation Agencies for Undertaking Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation.

Q. Website of plant quarantine?

https://ppqs.gov.in/ and www.pqms.cgg.gov.in

Q. Anti-dot for Fumigant

Magnesium Sulfate: Magnesium sulfate has been used in some cases to counteract the effects of aluminum phosphide, but its efficacy is debated, and it should be administered under medical supervision.
Atropin: (Additional information can be added here if available)
Gastric Lavage and Activated Charcoal: Gastric lavage (stomach pumping) and activated charcoal administration may be considered to reduce further absorption.
Immediate Medical Attention: Seek emergency medical help promptly.
Decontamination: Remove contaminated clothing, Wash exposed skin with copious amounts of water.
Respiratory Support: Administer oxygen to support respiratory function.
Cardiovascular Support: Monitor and support cardiovascular function.

Q. Appeal against the decision of PPA.

fumigation agency and the accredited fumigation operator shall apply a memorandum of appeal against the decision to the Joint Secretary, in-charge of Plant Protection Division, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Krishibhavan, New Delhi-110001, within seven working days of the communication of decision.

Q. What is the Active ingredient of ALP tablet?

Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is a highly effective outdoor and indoor insecticide and rodenticide. Moisture in the air mixes with phosphide grains and sets off phosphine (hydrogen phosphide, phosphorus trihydride, PH3). aluminum phosphide 56% active form of ALP.
Aluminium phosphide (AlP) has distinctive chemical properties, and its reactivity plays a crucial role in its use as a pesticide. Here are some key chemical properties of aluminium phosphide:

Hydrolysis: Aluminium phosphide reacts vigorously with water, moisture, or acids to produce phosphine gas (PH₃). This reaction is highly exothermic and can occur spontaneously in the presence of water vapor in the air, The chemical equation for the hydrolysis of aluminium phosphide is as follows: AlP + 3H₂O → Al(OH)₃ + PH₃.
Phosphine Gas Production: The main chemical property of aluminium phosphide is its ability to release phosphine gas upon contact with moisture. Phosphine is a highly toxic gas that interferes with cellular respiration in various organisms, making it an effective pesticide and rodenticide, Phosphine gas is responsible for the toxic effects observed in pests, as well as the potential hazards associated with the use of aluminium phosphide.
Corrosiveness: Aluminium phosphide can be corrosive to certain metals, and it may corrode containers made of materials such as iron or steel.
Stability: Aluminium phosphide is stable under normal storage conditions. However, it is crucial to store it in a dry environment to prevent premature hydrolysis and the release of phosphine gas.
Reaction with Acids: In addition to reacting with water, aluminium phosphide reacts with acids to produce phosphine gas. The equation for the reaction with an acid (such as hydrochloric acid) is similar to the hydrolysis reaction: AlP + 3HCl → AlCl₃ + PH₃.

Q. What is the function of activated charcoal in the canister of methyl bromide gas?

Activated charcoal in the canister of a methyl bromide gas application serves the purpose of adsorbing and trapping methyl bromide vapors. Methyl bromide is a fumigant commonly used in agriculture to control pests in soil, commodities, and structures. The inclusion of activated charcoal in a canister within a fumigation system has several important functions:

Residual Gas Removal:
- After the fumigation process, there may be residual methyl bromide gas in the treated area. Activated charcoal helps in capturing and removing any remaining traces of methyl bromide, preventing its release into the environment.
Environmental Protection:
- Methyl bromide is an ozone-depleting substance, and its release into the atmosphere is regulated due to environmental concerns. The activated charcoal in the canister aids in minimizing the environmental impact by adsorbing and retaining methyl bromide, preventing it from escaping into the air.
Worker Safety:
- Activated charcoal can contribute to worker safety by reducing the levels of methyl bromide in the air. Exposure to methyl bromide can be harmful to human health, so the use of activated charcoal helps mitigate the risks associated with inhalation.
Regulatory Compliance:
- Many countries have regulations and guidelines regarding the use of methyl bromide, including requirements for preventing its release into the atmosphere. The presence of activated charcoal in the canister is a measure taken to comply with these regulations and ensure that fumigation practices are environmentally responsible.
Efficient Fumigation:
- The use of activated charcoal can contribute to the overall efficiency of the fumigation process by helping to maintain the desired concentration of methyl bromide within the treated space. This ensures that the fumigation is effective in controlling pests.

It's important to note that the specific design and composition of canisters may vary based on the fumigation system and the requirements of regulatory authorities. The activated charcoal used in these applications is selected for its high adsorption capacity and effectiveness in capturing methyl bromide molecules.
Users of methyl bromide or similar fumigants should follow established safety guidelines and regulatory requirements to ensure proper handling, application, and disposal of these substances, including the management of activated charcoal-containing canisters.

Q. When top-up is required in methyl bromide fumigation?

Top-up is required when gas is rapidly reduced in the enclosure. At the situation to maintain the desired concentration of gas top-up required.
Dte of PPQS will only allow for one top-up during any fumigation treatment.

Q. At increasing concentration of methyl bromide the colour of the Halide Lamp change from?

Halide lamp change from no colour to blue colour.

Q. What is Phytotoxicn?

Phytotoxic is substances that are harmful or toxic to plants.

Q. Why higher exposure period is required in fumigation with ALP than Methyl Bromide?

Aluminium phosphide eliminates 3 stages of the insect life cycle. the development of new larva from egg in7 days so to kill new larva we have 7 days exposure period

Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ’S)